There is no need to study mechanical engineering to replace the wiper blades. The metal arm detaches from the bonnet and is attached to the vehicle and attached to your vehicle. It is a piece of plastic with a metal blade on it, and it is about the size of the wiper blade.
A good rule of thumb is to replace the wiper blades every 6 months, especially in humid climates. The metal blade holds the rubber blade, which you need not worry about as long as you check and replace your windshield wipers for normal wear and tear. It is a safe bet that you can replace them every 2-3 years for a total of 3-4 years.
If the wiper blades leave residual water or dirt on the windscreen after wiping, they should be worked out. If they make shaky movements or screeching noises as they glide quietly through the windshield, it's time for a new set.